Malcolm X: Separation vs. Assimilation

As a human being one lives according to the expectations of other human beings. The rules are set out by the ruling people who inspect and protect the morals and values of the society. Expectations are often based on ancient prejudices and are most easily removed by talking, even though talking is usually out of the question due to uneven relations between the ruled and the ruling. Every once and a while these expectations are being broken for reasons not quite truly known. In viewing the sixties as such a time several important figures can be pointed out as “trend-breakers”.


Malcolm X is one of those people that succeeded in changing mentalities of the big minority of black people in urban ghettoes. These people were suffering under racial injustice. Let me define: unjust treatment by the ruling pure on the grounds of hate and fear, both generated by the prejudice of race. Being treated unfair leaves every human being two options: accept or deny. By accepting the prejudice and these expectations they become truths and one can lose his or her rightiousness. By denying them one is not accepting the contemporary rules of the society and is thus placed outside society. Placing yourself outside the society is challenging the ruling, like a tennisplayer not accepting the decision of the judge on a call of which the player is certain that his play was in bounds. Discarding the activity or passivity of these terms the choice is to be seperated or to be assimilated. This ofcourse is not an announced, preconceived or prepared choice. In the case of Malcolm X it is easy to say that his prison experience made him see that, while being put outside of society, one can find answers in the mind and especially in the free mind. He went on in seeking to convince others to free their minds and choose for another society or nation, as the Nation of Islam propagated itself.

In this essay i will try and seperate three, not two, different Malcolm's along with their motives and backgrounds using his autobiography. After comparing the three stages of his life I will analyse them comparatively and conclude the effects on Malcolm and his environment. When quoting from his autobiographt i will simply add the page between brackets, since this is my biggest source.

The first Malcolm is ofcourse Red. Whether in Detroit, Harlem or Boston, this is a Malcolm that lives in this world, fully accepting his surrounding after finding one which is compatible with his persistant character. He accepts the racial injustice as societies way, but meanwhile he is in need of many exits for his build-up frustrations and hate. His skills are explored and, as he constantly repeats about other criminals in the ghetto and their unused talents (West-Indian Archie should have been a math genius), his talent lies in his charismatic public relations, which usually involve petty crime and trickery. He can read minds, find out what the expectations are of the other person, and act to them. Malcolm the Hustler deals with racial injustice by being unjust to others, thus reflecting the problem to others. The reason for this dishonesty is the type of life malcolm and other black people in the urban ghettoes are forced to live, which is one of survival. I imagine Red was not as aware of other solutions to this racial injustice as propsed by the author, who ofcourse is retelling in retrospective, thus not disconnecting his mind fully. This is demonstrated nicely by the unawareness of the true reason of Young Malcolm putting lye in his hair. “Ashamed of his roots” is the reason given later to this fashionable action.

Yet, if the individual doesn't know, that does not mean that it is not an illness of the black minority in the cities. Another unawareness later build in by the interviewed Malcolm X is the faultness of pork and white women. The young malcom instinctivly was enthusiastic having a white woman, since this was the rulers wife, but he knew nothing of the corrupting effects white women have on black men. I guess one can clearly see the finger of the Nation of Islam in the first few chapters of the book.

Malcolm X, preaching Muhammed's rules on the street to people who just left church is the second Malcolm. In his reaction to racial injustice he is fierce. So fierce that one can argument he is pointing the gun the other way, which in principle is racial injustice aswell. This type of racial injustice is permittable though because it has a lesser edge for it is from the ruled not the ruling and it doesn't carry the pain of centuries old injustice. Malcolm X's mind is fully aware of his rising power, but there is no communication with the hustler's “animal”-instincts. He puts himself in a dangerous position while revealing (to everyone except to himself) true causes of the Nation of Islam. This malcolm X has to act to other morals and values, which instinctivly are not his. The only way to do this is, again, to accept them.

So he fully integrates himself in the Nation, eventually blinding himself. On the external side his growing influence is beautiful and has been a role model for many people. This “in your face”-preaching mentality comes from the will to grow for a cause you believe with all your hart and more. The Nation had to grow, no matter who or what stands in the way. Malcolm in the end sort of regretted this, since it laid on the new 'muslims' no personal religious experience, required to become a muslim.
Al-Hajj is the third Malcolm. This is the truly separated malcolm, for only after separating himself from a repressive or reactive set of morals and values can he evaluate the american situation. Dr. Quispel, who held a lecture about malcolm X described him as becoming more moderate after going te Mecca.

I do not agree with Dr. Quispel. Disconnecting yourself from your protective layer in such an hatefull surrounding is a very radical thing to do. I would say that after both underreacting to racial injustice and after overreacting to it Malcolm is finally balanced. Discovering the true islam also taught him the necessity to disconnect spiritual matters from wordly matters.

Many charactaristics of Red and Malcolm are combined for the better in Al-Hajj. While Red trusts only the people in heis close-mouthed circle, Malcolm trusts all people of equal color who lay themselves before allah, or preferably Elijah Muhammed. Al-Hajj trusts reasonable people who think about justice and truth without considering the expectations. As I now return to the beginning of this essay it needs to be said that Malcolm X, a giant in opening up minds, is still not fully understood in his doing. I would like to conclude with Malcolm's own words which confirm my essay: "I'm for truth, no matter who tells it. I'm for Justice, no matter who it is for or against. I'm a human being first and foremost and as such I'm for whoever and whatever benefits humanity...as a whole!"

The Race Issue and Economic growth in the South after the Civil War

Historic-economists researching economic growth usually tend to view the societies they study as being laboratories with the economic factors of labor and of capacity and capability of the land. Social-historians tend to inspect the build of the society in which economic growth is taking place, without linking the kind of growth or development to the importance and the kind of society. This scholarly problem is to be found in all the major topics of history. One of the most important cases in which the society played a decisive role in the economic and industrial growth is the case of the Southern States of America. I would like to argue that the economic underdevelopment of the Southern States (from here on to be referred to as “the south”) is not to be seen without the Social, Economical and Political influence of the “Race Issue”.

Let me at first define “Race Issue”: The struggle of the Black Population in the South for social equality, political influence and economic independence after the civil war. I would like to discuss this struggle divided into the three mentioned categories and the influence they all have on both the development of the South internally, the United States as a whole and the international role of the South. I would like to explore the argument that the race issue was the single most important factor for the structural underdevelopment of the south after the civil war and during the industrial growth of the urban North.

Looking at the social structure of the South one immediately notices three elements which form the core of economic development: cash crop mono culture, the plantation system and Negro slavery. In order to achieve progress and agricultural innovation diversification is needed. In early colonial times a modest form of diversification existed, but with the coming of the Cotton gin cotton was boosted to number one product. With the elimination of the small manufactures there could be no economic reason to end slavery or the plantation system.

Economically speaking one of the biggest impacts of the civil war was the forming of a big group of poor white people. These former landholders had now become a planter's overseer, or they might, rarely become a planter themselves. The third element, Negro slavery, was officially abolished after the Civil war and yes, some things changed for the positive; Slaves were now free and were able to take the risk of moving away from their former life to start over in the North.

However, most of the time, and considering the era we are discussing, this was too big a risk. Most former slaves had to find a new way to support their family. This usually resulted in a renewed contract with the former slaveholder, who was now a landholder. This new system is referred to as Share-cropping. The former slave was able to live where he wanted but was still attached to the land in a form comparable with European Feudal connections.

Combining the three elements one can conclude several things that have their reflection in the economy and in politics. First of all the weight given to cotton kept the workers, both black and white, uneducated and untrained in more sophisticated labor. This kept the agriculture monotonous and held back innovation, which caused the hard work to be needed. Then there was the new lower class existing of white laborers. This group demands a more complex approach to the problem, and this is where the race issue enters the case.

It is difficult to try and explain what caused this way of thinking, and to this essay it should not be discussed. The situation is like this: The civil war changed the identity of the landowner in the south, he was now more than before absent, a northerner and had more land, causing white people, as mentioned before, to become landless peasants. This meant a major leak in the middle class white population of the south. This process had two consequences. For the white elite, that was left in power, to keep status quo, a hypocritical construction was needed to keep the economy from free falling and to keep the poor white people from political power. This system is called: racial control through “white supremacy”. By making, or keeping, the white workers uneducated, the white elite made the white bottom believe that, though being very poor, they were not the bottom of society. They had a scapegoat in the black former slaves. Bookmarking this type of social structure one can only conclude and view in the decades following the society being split into two artificial social groups: White people, either very rich or very poor, and Black people, usually indebted to a white landholder. Through this social system the South rapidly fell into a downward spiral of rural idleness. It was not until the civil rights movements of the fifties that this spiral could be broken.


An Industrial Revolution eventually did occur in the south due to major investments from the North and from England, the Empire. Why did these investments take place? The south had (and still has) plenty of raw industrial materials and easy accessible power sources, but the most important reason, which made investments cheap and profitable for investors was a large and cheap unused or underused labor pool. Put in harsh economic language: the 'foreign' investors created an outlet for the impoverished labor force. What made the white people stay at these intensive uninnovative work? According to Douglas F. Dowd there are four factors.

The abundance of labor, the fast they had been lifted from the brink of starvation “an inch of two”, the continuation of the plantation life in the mill towns and the “race issue”. Before further exploring the role of race there is yet the economic comparison between the Industrial revolution in England and the South of the U.S. There lies the obviousness of Southern backwardness. The single agricultural product became a single industrial product and funding came from outside investment and that is where the profits went to as well.

Now, to sharpen the connection between the Southern industrial revolution and the race issue, it is important to realize that prior to the civil war the black population was economically subjected to the white population via the institution of slavery. After the abolition and especially during industrial growth the white and black population were able to compete economically, which kept both impoverished. To avoid disaster within the white community the myth of white supremacy was held high and the segregation grew. For the south to survive in this fashion politics had to be simple and choreographed.

As the south was economically Dependant on the north, it was able to maneuver solo on the political front. It was conservatism and backwardness that kept southern politics white and southern economy weak and Dependant. Another complex circularly structure is the white southern middle class and their ideals. These were the merchants, lawyers and bankers of the south.

They held economic and political power. But holding on to their single-minded Democratic Party they placed the race issue at the top of every political agenda, thus losing any influence the south had in the United States as the north gave up political control and settled for economic exploitation.
It is striking to witness how much influence the social structure and social expectations and needs of the ruling group have in the process of economic growth. These matters are very complex and it is not possible to pinpoint the race issue as the single most decisive factor. But it cannot be denied that in southern economy and politics the race issue runs as a thick red line.

Nothing can be said about the history of the south without considering the role played by the black population, their stance in society and their economic strength. Approaching economic issues in these kind of societies throughout history always shows how economy is just another expression of human and social behavior, and not an abstract based on natural laws.